1980s Gaulin M12 Homogenizer

GAULIN HOMOGENIZER
The Gaulin Homogenizer is a machine used to create stable emulsions and dispersions in many industries including food and dairy, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and chemical. In most applications, these emulsions consist of a fat/oil being blended into a water base – i.e. cream into milk. While the term ‘homogenizer’ is used to describe many blending technologies, a Gaulin Homogenizer is a high pressure, multi-piston pump with a small, variable sized orifice. As product is forced through the orifice, the resultant forces break fat/oil globules down to sizes small enough to prevent (or at least considerably delay) the natural separation of a single component from the rest of the emulsion.
The Gaulin Homogenizer was developed to blend cream into milk; that remains its most common usage. Many dairy bottling operations now use high volume homogenizers capable of processing over 10000 gallons per hour of milk. However, Gaulin Homogenizers are available in many sizes and configurations to handle a wide array of products in and out of the food industry.

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Contents: 1) Early Development 2) Basic Machine Design 3) Theory of Homogenization 4) History 5) Common Machine Series 5.1) CGD (WW II – 1947) 5.2) E (1947-1952) 5.3) K and DJ (1953-1978) 5.4) M Painted (1961 – 1998) 5.5) M (or MF) Stainless Clad (1961-1963) 5.6) MC (1963 – 1998) 5.7) MS (1983 – 1998) 5.8) G & R (1998 – Present) 5.9) G & R (2010 – Present)

The Gaulin Brand: Founded: 1909 as the Manton-Gaulin Company Location(s): Boston, MA St. Johnsbury, VT Everett, MA Wilmington, MA Lake Mills, WI (as APV-Gaulin) Delavan, WI (as SPX-Gaulin) Parent: SPX, Inc Website: http://www.spx.com/en/apv/technologies/homogenization/

Early Development

A belt-driven Gaulin homogenizer from the early 1900’s.

After patenting the process in France in 1899, Auguste Gaulin introduced his machine for “treating milk” at the Paris World’s Fair in 1900. The machine consisted of a 3-piston pump designed to push a combined stream of milk and cream through a set of tiny capillary tubes – an early version of a homogenizing valve. While the piston pump and homogenizing valve have changed over the following century, Auguste Gaulin’s basic design remains the simplest and most economical way of creating emulsions from liquids that would normally tend to separate over time.
Auguste Gaulin was awarded a US patent in 1904. Robert Manton Burnett was a Massachusetts businessman and part of a large family of “gentleman dairymen” who had helped popularize many advances in dairy technology. In 1909, he formed a company bearing his middle name to produce the Gaulin Homogenizer -- the Manton-Gaulin Company.
Ice cream manufacturers were the first large-scale commercial customers for Gaulin’s new machine as homogenization of ice cream mix markedly improved the smoothness and creaminess of the product. Oddly enough, it was possibly the Burnett family’s own previous work in popularizing glass milk bottles that hindered acceptance of homogenized bottled milk by the public. Since the introduction of the glass bottle, consumers had become accustomed to seeing the cream floating on top of the milk in the bottle. If the cream wasn’t visible, the milk was assumed to have been “skimmed” of cream and was considered less desirable. It took nearly 30 more years before homogenized milk became the standard for bottling.
In 1924, Manton-Gaulin introduced the 2-stage homogenizing valve. Capillary tubes had given way to a more durable “annular orifice” design constructed from hardened materials. This same basic design is still in use today.
Basic Machine Design

Diagrams showing basic piston pump operation.

A Gaulin Homogenizer consists of 2 main sections – a Piston Pump and a Homogenizing Valve:

Piston Pump: A reciprocating piston pump comprised of 3 or 5 pistons working in tandem and driven by a single crankshaft. Check valves above and below each piston keep the fluid moving forward during the suction & discharge strokes of the piston. The suction/discharge valves are available in different styles based on the viscosity of the product.
The Piston Pump can be further divided into two primary sections – the Power Frame and the Liquid End. The size of Power Frame is determined by the total horsepower required by the application – proportional to both flow and pressure. The Liquid End is available in multiple pressure ratings and check valve styles – again selected based on the application.
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Homogenizing Valve Assembly: The homogenizing valve assembly is essentially an adjustable orifice – or series of adjustable orifices. The pressure created by the piston pump forces product through the homogenizing valve, causing a very significant pressure drop across the orifice. The valve design and degree of pressure drop determine the effect on the product. In general, the greater the pressure drop, the greater the effect on the particle size of the product being homogenized.
The homogenizing valve assembly has three crucial smaller components: The ‘Valve’, ‘Valve Seat’, and ‘Impact Ring’. The Valve and Valve Seat are the pieces that actually form the orifice. The Impact Ring is a sacrificial piece that prevents the high pressure annular fan from damaging the chamber that surrounds it. All three components are made from a special wear-resistant hardened alloy.

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Theory of Homogenization

Illustrations showing how product becomes homogenized as it is forced through a thin, annular orifice.

There are many blending technologies that can reduce the size of globules by mechanically tearing apart the individual bubbles. Auguste Gaulin’s original design forced the product through very thin capillary tubes. However, the resulting fat globules were hundreds of times smaller than the actual tube diameter. That implies there is more at work inside a Gaulin homogenizer than just a mechanical breakdown of the globules.
Exactly what determines the resulting globule size is not a perfect science since it involves many variables. These can include the valve design, pressure drop, fat/oil content, use of surfactants, viscosity, and temperature. Through a century of study, Gaulin engineers believe the most likely explanation for the resulting small globule sizes is a combination of turbulence and cavitation.

Turbulence: Sudden, high velocity directional changes cause small, intense turbulent eddies to form in the base liquid. Larger globules are torn apart by these eddies, reducing the overall average globule size.
Cavitation: When traveling through the small orifice, the product experiences a considerable increase in velocity, then a sudden decrease in velocity and pressure. The rapid velocity & pressure changes cause the base liquid to suddenly vaporize, then collapse back into a liquid – a process known as cavitation. The imploding vapor bubbles further tear apart the fat globules.

Over 100 patents have been awarded for improvements to the homogenizing valve over the past century. All of these represent attempts to further reduce globule size while expending as little energy as possible. While some of the more complex designs have greatly improved the efficiency of fluid milk homogenization, most other processes still use the same basic annular orifice design from the early part of the 20th century.
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History

An early Gaulin emblem.

Part of the patent application for Gaulin’s 2-Stage homogenizing valve showing a 2-stage assembly attached to a 1920’s model 800.

• 1899 Auguste Gaulin patents his machine for homogenizing milk
• 1900 Homogenized milk is displayed at the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris
• 1900’s The Burnett family of Massachusetts becomes involved in the production of dairy machinery
• 1909 Robert Manton Burnett founds the Manton-Gaulin Manufacturing Company to produce the Gaulin Homogenizer
• 1910’s The Gaulin Homogenizer is distributed by the Creamery Package Mfg Co, known as “Crepaco”
• 1925 Manton-Gaulin patents a 2-stage homogenizing valve
• 1940’s Homogenized Milk begins to gain widespread acceptance with the American consumer
• 1950’s Thousands of Gaulin Homogenizers are sold as it becomes a necessary piece of equipment in every milk bottling plant. Un-homogenized milk becomes a rarity
• 1961 Stainless Steel clad frames are introduced and quickly become the norm for food production environments
• 1960’s The use of homogenizers spreads beyond the dairy industry to include chemical, lubricants, textiles, and many others. Available machine pressure ratings climb to 8000 psi
• 1972 Gaulin (along with Crepaco) is acquired by APV, a multinational food, brewery, and healthcare equipment supplier. The name ‘Manton’ is dropped and the machines become known simply as Gaulin homogenizers
• 1980’s The need for higher capacity machines leads to the development of the MicroGap valve – a homogenizing valve that homogenizes milk at lower pressures than the 2-stage design
• 1980’s Gaulin homogenizers own a near-90% market share due to their solid reputation for long term reliability
• 1987 APV purchases Rannie – a Danish homogenizer line – but continues to market the two brands separately
• 1990’s The bio-pharmaceutical industry begins to require homogenizing pressures of 10000 psi and beyond, pushing further technological development
• 1997 APV becomes part of Siebe, later known as Invensys plc
• 1998 Gaulin releases the new “G” series machines – the first major re-design in nearly 40 years
• 2001 The Gaulin and Rannie brands are merged into a single product line with machines ranging from 5 to 400 hp and pressure ranges up to 20000 psi
• 2008 APV Homogenizer Division (and the rest of APV) Is acquired by SPX Corporation, a multi-industry manufacturing firm

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Common Homogenizer Model Series
Gaulin homogenizers have gone through many changes over the century since their inception. The Gaulin brand is widely respected primarily due to the fact that many of these durable machines dating back to the 1940’s are still in use and are often still readily serviceable -- with some notable exceptions. This list is an abbreviated history of the machine development since WW II. Manufacturing dates are approximate.
5.1) CGD (WW II – 1947)
This durable design was popular after WW II. The primary identifying feature is the use of a packing gland at the rear of the homogenizing head to put tension on the plunger packing. While considered obsolete, these machines were so rugged that many have survived into the early 2000’s.
5.2) E Series (1947 – 1952)
The model E was the first to use an internal spring to produce proper tension on the plunger packing. This became the basis for design of the Gaulin Homogenizer for the next 70 years. Consequently, many of these machines are still in operation. However, they lack many features that make later models more serviceable.
5.3) K & DJ Series (1953 – 1978)
A continuation of the model E, the K and DJ models introduced the use of nylon gaskets instead of paper, leather, or copper. The K was very popular in the US, but also in England -- where it remained in production through the late 1970’s. As of 2015, repair parts are still readily available for the large, worldwide installed base of K-Series machines.
5.4) M Series – Painted (1961 – 1998)

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A further upgrade of the same E/K/DJ frames introduced further frame upgrades along with improvements to the cylinder block design. The smaller M painted frames remained in production nearly unchanged all the way through 1998. The model M was the first available with Tapered Valve Seats, reducing potential costs & downtime when the suction/discharge valve seats eventually wear out.
5.5) M (or MF) Series – Stainless (1961 – 1963)
Later considered a failure, the stainless shrouded M & MF models featured a “short stroke” design which led to crankshaft/bearing failures. (The exception is the model M12 which did not feature the short-stroke design and remained in production through 1998.) The M & MF models were quickly replaced with the more robust MC series in 1963. Many M & MF models remained in use for decades, but were usually only successful when operated at considerably lower speeds.
5.6) MC Series (1963 – 1998)
The Gaulin MC series is the machine that gave the Gaulin homogenizer its worldwide reputation as a “workhorse”. The solid, dependable power frame combined heavy-duty components with a “Slow-Speed” drive system that resulted in long service life and relatively low maintenance. Stainless steel skins became standard on the larger MC18, MC45, MC75, and MC100 models. MC series machines were also built at an APV-Schroeder facility in Lubeck, Germany in the 1980’s and 1990’s. Tens of thousands of MC machines remain in service to this day.
5.7) MS Series (1983 – 1998)
Since the MC series design was so durable and successful, the MS series was introduced as more of an upgrade as opposed to a true successor model. While the cylinder block and most of the drive train remained the same, the MS series primarily featured improvements to the serviceability of the power frame. Along with the MS model came the introduction of the MicroGap homogenizing valve, allowing higher volume/lower pressure models to expand the flow range for certain products.
5.8) G Series & R Series (1998 – Present)
In the late 1990’s, Gaulin introduced the first major overhaul of their homogenizer design since 1963. While the basic concepts remained the same, the new design employed many improvements and modernizations to the power frame. The new machine series was designed and originally fabricated in Germany, but new machines are currently assembled in the USA. Many of the auxiliary system components have been “Americanized” to help ease future maintenance. The Gaulin and Rannie brands were integrated into a single series using the same power frame. Liquid ends are available in either the Gaulin Monoblock style or Rannie 3-piece design with Gaulin-style machines bearing a “G” designation and Rannie-style machines bearing an “R”.

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5.9) T Series (2010 – Present)

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In 2010, Gaulin replaced one of the less popular G/R models with the T110 and T125 models. Further changes were made to the power frame design to improve access for maintenance and ease of use.

Apv Crepaco

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External Links:
- New Homogenizers: Click here to request a quote on a new Gaulin homogenizer
- Rebuilt: Click here to browse Dairy Engineering's inventory of used Gaulin homogenizers.
- SPX Flow, Inc.
- Dairy Engineering Company